Metrics and Measurement
Total blood volume pumped by the heart per minute, critical for meeting body demands during physical exertion.
The liquid component of blood, reflecting hydration status and essential for cardiovascular stability.
The number of heartbeats per minute, where resting HR provides a baseline for cardiovascular health, and elevated heart rates signal exercise intensity.
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat, (mL/beat) reflecting cardiovascular efficiency and adaptability during exercise.
The point during exercise when breathing increases faster than oxygen uptake, marking a shift to more anaerobic energy production.
The maximum rate at which the body can consume oxygen during intense exercise, a key indicator of cardiovascular fitness. This tends to decline during spaceflight.
The stage where rapid breathing occurs to reduce CO2 levels during intense exercise, marking the upper limit of sustainable effort.
Redistribution of body fluids towards the upper body in microgravity, affecting circulation and causing changes in blood volume and cardiovascular function.
Blood pressure across the body's circulatory system, essential for assessing cardiovascular health and monitoring the effects of exercise.
The ability to maintain core body temperature, particularly important in space environments where external temperature control is limited.
Reflects the body’s balance in generating and releasing heat, essential for thermoregulation in various environments.
The body's ability to maintain proper blood flow by adjusting blood vessel diameter, critical for cardiovascular health in changing environments.
Sweating as a mechanism for cooling the body, playing an important role in temperature regulation during exercise in different gravity settings.
The energy expenditure rate, crucial for maintaining weight and energy levels, especially when physical activity is limited.
Amount of CO₂ generated during metabolism, which is a critical indicator of respiratory efficiency and metabolic rate.
The point at which lactic acid builds up in the blood during intense exercise, indicating anaerobic capacity. Higher thresholds mean better endurance and are relevant for astronauts and elderly individuals.
A subjective measure that helps gauge exercise intensity on a scale from 1 to 10, guiding individuals to match effort levels to personal endurance.
The ability to perform repeated muscle actions over time without significant fatigue, indicating muscle endurance and cardiovascular health.
Assesses grip and forearm strength, commonly used as a general indicator of muscular health.
Measurement of limb size, used to assess muscle mass and detect atrophy.
The natural fluctuations in physiological data, reflecting adaptability and resilience of biological systems.
Individualized physiological changes in response to exercise, highlighting the body’s ability to adapt and improve under physical demands.
Measurements taken before and after space missions or periods of immobility to assess physical changes and recovery.
A device that measures ground reaction forces, often used to evaluate balance, strength, and stability.
Measures work output, commonly used in cycling or rowing exercises to assess aerobic and anaerobic capacity.
Test cardiovascular function under stress, monitoring heart rate and other vital metrics.
A method for assessing lung function by measuring gas exchange from a single breath.
Device for measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels during respiration, used to assess metabolic rate.
Measures muscle force and strength, essential for evaluating physical capacity.
Device that controls movement speed, allowing strength assessment at fixed speeds.
Specialized dynamometer for assessing grip strength.
Measures the torque or force output of muscles across a range of velocities.
Used to assess muscle size, composition, and structure with high precision, often to monitor muscle mass changes in response to training, aging, or low-gravity environments.
A device that delivers controlled electrical impulses to stimulate muscle contractions, often used to assess or maintain muscle strength. In research on microgravity or aging, it helps evaluate involuntary muscle responses and prevent atrophy when physical movement is limited.
A mobile system for assessing lung function and respiratory health.
A non-invasive imaging technology that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of muscle size, structure, and quality. Ultrasound is particularly valuable for assessing muscle mass and atrophy in the limbs, providing insights into muscle health without the need for invasive procedures